Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. As a first aider in the UK, understanding the symptoms, causes, and appropriate responses to anaphylaxis is crucial. This guide provides essential information to help you recognize anaphylaxis and respond effectively.

What is Anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is an extreme allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. Common triggers include certain foods, insect stings, medications, and latex. The reaction involves the immune system releasing chemicals that can cause shock, a sudden drop in blood pressure, and difficulty breathing.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Symptoms of anaphylaxis typically develop quickly and can include:

• Skin reactions: Hives, flushing, or itching.
  
  

• Swelling: Particularly of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.
  
  

• Respiratory issues: Difficulty breathing, wheezing, or a tight chest.
  
  

• Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
  
  

• Cardiovascular signs: Dizziness, fainting, or rapid heartbeat.
  
  

Early recognition of these symptoms is vital for prompt treatment.

First Aid Response to Anaphylaxis

If you suspect someone is experiencing anaphylaxis:

1. Call 999 immediately: Inform the operator that you suspect anaphylaxis.
   
   

2. Administer adrenaline: If the person has a prescribed adrenaline auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen), help them use it. The injection is typically given into the outer thigh muscle.
   
   

3. Position the person appropriately:
   
   

   • If they are breathing normally, lay them flat with their legs raised.
     
     

   • If breathing is difficult, allow them to sit up.
     
     

   • Avoid sudden changes in position.
     
     

4. Monitor and reassure: Stay with the person, monitor their condition, and be prepared to perform CPR if necessary.
   
   

5. Prepare for a second injection: If there's no improvement after 5 minutes and another auto-injector is available, a second dose may be administered.
   
   

Anaphylaxis Statistics in the UK

Understanding the prevalence of anaphylaxis underscores the importance of preparedness:

• Hospital Admissions: In the 20 years leading up to 2012, there was a 615% increase in hospital admissions for anaphylaxis in the UK.
  
  

• Children's Admissions: Between 2013 and 2019, hospital admissions for anaphylaxis in children increased significantly, with London experiencing a 167% rise.
  
  

• Fatalities: Despite the rise in admissions, deaths from food-induced anaphylaxis remain rare, with a case fatality rate decreasing from 0.7% to 0.3% between 1998 and 2018.
  
  

Prevention and Preparedness

To reduce the risk of anaphylaxis:

• Identify and avoid known allergens: Be vigilant about potential triggers.
  
  

• Carry an adrenaline auto-injector: Individuals with known severe allergies should always have their prescribed auto-injector accessible.
  
  

• Educate others: Inform friends, family, and colleagues about the individual's allergies and the use of auto-injectors.
  
  

Conclusion

Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that demands swift and decisive action. As a first aider, your ability to recognize symptoms and administer appropriate care can save lives. Stay informed, remain vigilant, and always be prepared to act in the event of an anaphylactic reaction.