Diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition in the UK, affecting millions and posing significant health challenges. As a first aider, it's essential to recognize the symptoms of diabetic emergencies and know how to respond effectively. This guide provides crucial information on diabetes, its prevalence in the UK, and first aid responses to hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar).​

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels due to the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin. There are two primary types:​

• Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.​
  
  

• Type 2 Diabetes: A condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough, often associated with lifestyle factors.​
  
  

Diabetes Prevalence in the UK

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the UK, and its prevalence is increasing. In 2018–2019, there were 3,919,505 people diagnosed with diabetes, with about 90% of adults currently diagnosed having type 2 diabetes. Additionally, about one million people with type 2 diabetes are currently undiagnosed. ​

Recognizing Diabetic Emergencies

Diabetic emergencies typically arise from blood sugar levels becoming too low (hypoglycaemia) or too high (hyperglycaemia). Each condition presents distinct symptoms:​

Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)

Causes:

• Skipping meals.​
  
  

• Excessive insulin or medication.​
  
  

• Intense physical activity without adequate food intake.​
  
  

Symptoms:

• Sweating.​
  
  

• Trembling or shakiness.​
  
  

• Dizziness.​
  
  

• Confusion or difficulty concentrating.​
  
  

• Slurred speech.​
  
  

• Fatigue.​
  
  

• Rapid heartbeat.​
  
  

Hyperglycaemia (High Blood Sugar)

Causes:

• Insufficient insulin or medication.​
  
  

• Consuming excessive carbohydrates.​
  
  

• Illness or infection.​
  
  

• Stress.​
  
  

Symptoms:

• Increased thirst.​
  
  

• Frequent urination.​
  
  

• Blurred vision.​
  
  

• Headaches.​
  
  

• Fatigue.​
  
  

First Aid Response to Diabetic Emergencies

Responding to Hypoglycaemia

1. Provide a Sugary Substance: If the person is conscious and able to swallow, offer a sugary drink (like fruit juice or a non-diet soft drink), glucose tablets, or sweets. ​
   
   

2. Monitor the Person: Stay with them and observe their condition.​
   
   

3. Seek Medical Assistance if Necessary: If there's no improvement after 10 minutes, call 999 for emergency help. ​
   
   

Important: If the person becomes unresponsive at any point, open their airway, check their breathing, and prepare to give CPR if necessary. ​

Responding to Hyperglycaemia

1. Seek Immediate Medical Help: Call 999 for emergency assistance. ​
   
   

2. Monitor and Reassure: While waiting for help, keep the person comfortable and monitor their condition.​
   
   

Note: Do not attempt to administer insulin or medication unless properly trained and authorized.​

Prevention and Preparedness

• Recognize Early Signs: Encourage individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and be aware of early symptoms of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia.​
  
  

• Carry Necessary Supplies: Individuals with diabetes should always have quick-acting sugar sources and their prescribed medications on hand.​
  
  

• Educate Others: Friends, family, and colleagues should be informed about the person's condition and know how to respond in an emergency.​
  
  

Conclusion

Diabetic emergencies require prompt and appropriate responses to prevent serious complications. As a first aider, understanding the signs of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia and knowing how to act can make a significant difference. Staying informed and prepared ensures that you can provide effective assistance when it's needed most